Naval Involvement in the Spanish-American War - Free Essay Example

In 1823, President James Monroe gave an address to Congress effectively establishing the United States presence in the Western Hemisphere and forbidding European colonization throughout the Western Hemisphere. Seventy-five years later, Spain occupied Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Spanish East Indies, an island chain including modern-day Philippines. As expected, they were met with firm resistance from both the United States and Cuba. Up through the 1890s, Cuba had led numerous unsuccessful rebellions against the Spanish govern. After the explosion of a United States naval ship, the U.S.S. Maine, and the expressed interests of Cubans and Filipinos, President William McKinley had few alternatives to following the peoples call for war on Spain. The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine was an instrumental part to the beginning of the war and it helped contribute to the call for war by the American people through inflammatory journalism and patriotic conclusions. The declaration of war on Spain by the U.S. was also intriguing because of the unwillingness of President McKinley to support the declaration, but it also succeeded the Teller Amendment, a promise not to annex Cuba. Finally, The Battle of Santiago Bay was a prominent battle in the war and a resounding American victory. The Spanish-American war established a strong U.S. presence in the Western Hemisphere, as well as asserting the U.S. once more as a global power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The battleship U.S.S. Maine was one of the older battleships in the United States Navy when it was sent to protect Americans in Cuba. It was stationed in Havana Harbor when it exploded, killing two-thirds of the crew, which was nearly 260 men. About 75 men were identified in the terrible incident, and as expected provocative journalism initiated a resonating desire for war on the enemy who was controlling Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The Maine weighed over 6,000 tons and cost over $2 million. After the explosion, the U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry decided that The Maine was blown up by a mine in Havana Harbor, convincing Americans that the Spanish were behind the explosion. With few alternatives, President McKinley started looking towards war. He and the government faced great pressure and criticism from the press and the people now that every eye was on their next move on the Spanish. Many years after the incident, in 1976, American investi gators found that The Maine was likely obliterated by a fire in the ammunition storage, as many skeptics during the time leading up to the war believed. The explosion of The Maine was not only a disastrous event, but it contributed to the call for war from the citizens of the U.S.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Succeeding the explosion of The Maine was the declaration of War on Spain. McKinley, finally submitting to the peoples cry for war against Spain asked Congress to declare war and Congress agreed on April 25, 1898. Six days before, on April 19, the Senate passed the Teller Amendment, which was presented by Henry M. Teller as an amendment to the declaration of war. It stated the United States would not retain permanent control of Cuba after Spain left the island. The U.S. presence remained in Cuba until 1902, only for the purpose of reconstruction and protection from other empires while it was still vulnerable from the Spanish rule. Cuba then became its own independent country in 1902. The first fighting after the declaration was when Commodore George Dewey arrived in Manila Bay of the Philippines. Commodore Dewey was in charge of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron and was ordered to attack the Spanish Fleet in the water around the Philippines. The newer U.S. fleet struck the older Spanish fleet at around 5:00 in the morning, when Commodore Dewey gave the You May Fire When Ready, Gridley: The U.S.S. Olympia, Commodore Deweys flagship which he led the U.S. fleet on in the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. This picture, taken in 2007, is of the Olympia at the Independence Seaport Museum in Philadelphia. famous orders, You may fire when ready, Gridley. within a few hours of fighting, the whole Spanish fleet was decimated. This marked the first fighting in the war, and it later became known as the Battle of Manila Bay. The first fighting in Cuba came when Teddy Roosevelt, under General William Shafter and his army, led the 1st Volunteer Cavalry to an attack on the city of Santiago in an endeavor to force the Spanish-Caribbean fleet out of Santiago bay. Teddy Roosevelt accustomed the people to hearing his name when he charged up San Juan Hill, leading his volunteer cavalry to a victory in this very brief war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the charge on San Juan Hill, the Spanish fleet in the Caribbean was forced to evacuate Santiago Bay because of the possibility of an attack from inland, but they were met and decimated by the U.S. naval forces, specifically the Flying Squadron, a group of ships made up of the U.S.S. Texas and Massachusetts, cruisers Brooklyn, Columbia, and Minneapolis and several other auxiliary cruisers. The Flying Squadron was led by Commodore Williams Schley. The Spanish-Caribbean fleet, led by Pascual Cervera attempted to escape to the westward side of the island but was met by Schley and the Flying Squadron. This effort by the U.S. was an outright victory by the U.S. and it started to bring this very brief war to a close. On July 17, 1898, just 14 The U.S.S. Brooklyn: This image is of the U.S.S. Brooklyn at the New York Navy Yard. The Brooklyn was part of the Flying Squadron which attacked the Spanish-Caribbean fleet in the Battle of Santiago Bay. The picture was taken in 1898 by Robert Enrique Muller. days after the Battle of Santiago Bay and less than four months after the U.S. declaration of war, Santiago surrendered to the U.S. Then, on December 10, the Treaty of Paris was signed where the United States paid $20 million to Spain for them to drop all influence and ownership of the Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico. This is one of the most important treaties in American history because it forced European powers out of the Western hemisphere and the U.S. gained many territories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the Spanish-American war was a brief, yet important war in American history. President McKinley found himself with few, if no alternatives to declaring war on Spain after the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. General William Shafter and Teddy Roosevelt led an attack on Santiago Cuba, and the Spanish-Caribbean fleet was decimated after Commodore George Dewey led his ships on Manila Bay, Philippines and destroyed the unexpecting Spanish fleet. After the Treaty of Paris, the United States occupied Cuba until 1902 to assure it was not at risk of being conquered again. As stated in the Teller Amendment, the U.S. left Cuba to become their own nation. The Philippines were inhabited by the U.S. until 1946, but the first few years were bloody and rough. The Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902) was a period of time after the Treaty of Paris where many of the Filipino guerilla fighters killed Americans in the Philippines. The Philippines ea rned its full independence in 1946. Puerto Rico and Guam remain U.S. territories today. The effects of the Spanish-American war still remain today when spanish influence in culture and architecture is exemplified in the territories ceded to the United States, or when there is power struggles in Cuba or disputes. After the Spanish-American war the U.S. confirmed its title as the most powerful nation in the Western hemisphere and showcased its imperialistic aspect.

“I said I’d carry him, if it broke my back… and I will” An Analysis of the Development of Frodo and Sam’s Relationship in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings Trilogy - Literature Essay Samples

In the Lord of the Rings trilogy, author J. R. R. Tolkien creates a relationship between Frodo and Sam that people struggle to define in modern parlance because of its depth and complexity. Neither lovers nor merely friends, the essence of Frodo and Sam’s relationship cannot be captured by contemporary words because they oversimplify the nature of the relationship. At the beginning, their relationship is reciprocal as both Frodo and Sam benefit from one another, however their reciprocity develops into codependence throughout the course of the novel. At the conclusion, Frodo and Sam’s relationship evolves into an altruistic one in which they are able to let each other go at a cost to themselves because they want to benefit the other. There is no contemporary all-encompassing definition for Sam and Frodo’s relationship because it is not one sole thing as it evolves over time and eventually reaches the pinnacle of Agape, demonstrating that their love for each other is true. The suggestion that Frodo and Sam are actually homosexual lovers is a common conjecture about the characters’ relationship in today’s popular culture as a result of â€Å"the enormous outpouring of fan fiction† after the Peter Jackson film adaptations (Smol 949). Many people began to write alternate origins and endings of Sam and Frodo’s relationship, â€Å"the majority [of which] incorporate a sexual element as an expression of a strong, romantic love between the two males† (Smol 970). Frodo and Sam exhibit â€Å"an intimacy that includes emotional attachment and gestures of physical tenderness† (Smol 955). Suggesting that Frodo and Sam are homosexual simplifies the depth and complexity of their relationship. Sam and Frodo share â€Å"a love beyond that of a traditional male friendship† and â€Å"raise questions about the role of male friendships† that people are unfamiliar with in todays society because of homophobia (Madill p ar. 12; 14). â€Å"Homophobia is a strategy to police and regulate masculinity for males† and so the phobic language that exists today is insufficient in describing the male intimacy present in Lord of the Rings (Madill par. 11). The fan fiction about Frodo and Sam’s homosexual relationship proves that there is an intensity between the two male characters, however contemporary culture struggles to discuss strong emotional bonds between men. The response of the fans with this fiction shows the need for a more nuanced description of their relationship. Frodo and Sam’s relationship at the beginning of the narrative is reciprocal as both Sam and Frodo benefit from one another at no personal cost to themselves. Sam Gamgee works for Bilbo and Frodo Baggins and tends to their garden. Sam is a curious hobbit who â€Å"has more on his mind than gardening† and dreams of the world outside of the Shire filled with Elves and Tree-men (Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring 60). Sam’s only resources to learn more about legends and tales are Bilbo and Frodo, and Sam â€Å"listens because [he] can’t help [himself]†¦ he love[s] tales of that sort†¦ and believe[s] them too (Tolkien, FR 84). While the other hobbits dismiss Frodo and Bilbo as being â€Å"cracked,† Sam’s longing for knowledge about the world outside the Shire strengthens (Tolkien, FR 60). He is unlike the traditionally happily ignorant hobbit and Frodo’s stories provide him with the knowledge he craves. When Sam is invited to g o away with Frodo, he â€Å"spring[s] up like a dog invited for a walk† and â€Å"burst[s] into tears† (Tolkien, FR 85). He acquires knowledge and experience from Frodo, which is something he cannot get from anybody else in the Shire. He is elated to discover that he, too, will get to travel with Frodo and see all of the legends he believes in. In his own way, Frodo benefits from having Sam accompany him on the journey. At first, Frodo is terrified of the journey that lies before him, crying that he is â€Å"not made for perilous quests†¦ wish[ing] [he] had never seen the Ring!† (Tolkien, FR 81). He fears the quest bestowed upon him and as he speaks to Sam he â€Å"realize[s] that fleeing from the Shire [will] mean more painful partings than merely saying farewell to the familiar comforts of Bag End† (Tolkien, FR 84). Frodo’s pain at the idea of leaving home suggests the comfort and safety both Bag End and Sam provide for him. It would be very tough for Frodo to leave the Shire on his own and conquer the quest by himself. Sam is a necessary element of Frodo’s journey as he provides Frodo with someone he â€Å"can trust, and who [is] willing to go by [his] side — and that [Frodo is] willing to take into unknown perils† (Tolkien, FR 83). Sam follows through with all of these requ irements and proves to be the most loyal and daring companion Frodo could have on the quest. Sam and Frodo’s reciprocal relationship at the beginning of the quest is beneficial to both of them without either character having to sacrifice anything, but it does not stay at this point of reciprocity for long. The transformation of their relationship along the journey complicates the nature of Sam and Frodo’s relationship as the pair become increasingly codependent. At the end of The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo decides to continue the quest on his own because he sees the dangers of war that lie ahead of the Company. However just as he is about to leave, Sam stops him and is appalled that Frodo would continue â€Å"all alone†¦without [Sam] to help [him]† (Tolkien, FR 534). Sam cries out: â€Å"I couldn’t have borne it, it’d have been the death of me,† demonstrating Sam’s dependency on Frodo and his need to serve him (Tolkien, FR 534). Sam’s insistence that he would die if Frodo left him behind shows his dependency on Frodo and his need to stay with him. Sam needs to go with Frodo on the quest because they depend on one another. Their relationship is no longer just reciprocal, but rather intensifies to a codependency. Later on, Frodo co llapses under the weight of the ring on the way up Mount Doom and even though Sam knows the road is dangerous and â€Å"would dearly like to see Bywater again, and Rosie Cotton and her brothers, and the Gaffer and Marigold and all† he still insists that he â€Å"said [he’d] carry [Frodo] if it [breaks his] back†¦and [he] will!† (Tolkien, Return of the King 225; 233). Frodo heavily relies on Sam for survival and the success of the quest. Sam helps complete the task of the Ring-bearer and Frodo would likely die if not for Sam’s help when climbing Mount Doom. When compared with the early stage of their relationship on the quest when it was just beneficial to have one another, the relationship is now necessary for both characters. The nature of their relationship evolves as they depend on each other more and more. At the end of the series Frodo and Sam’s relationship becomes even more intense as it transforms into an altruistic relationship. After their return to the Shire and the scouring of the Shire, one would expect Sam and Frodo to live happily ever after in a blissful friendship, however â€Å"Tolkien is much too honest to end with such a pious fiction† (Auden 98). Over the course of the quest Frodo is â€Å"wounded with [a] knife, sting, and tooth, and a long burden,† and â€Å"though [he] may come to the Shire, it will not seem the same; for [he] shall not be the same† (Tolkien, RK 290). Frodo endures the most physical and mental pain on the quest and returns to the Shire as a completely different hobbit who is unable to reintegrate into society. Sam transforms into a leader with great potential and the knowledge he longed for and more before they left for the quest. Sam is capable of reintegrating into society and settles down to start a new life, however, â€Å"Frodos presence is an unsettling reminder of the disruptive force of war that hampers Sams full return to ordinary life† (Smol 967). Frodo knows that he is â€Å"wounded† and that â€Å"it will never really heal† but that Sam is â€Å"meant to be solid and whole, and [he] will be† (Tolkien, RK 333; 335). As hard as Frodo tries to heal in the Shire by living with Sam and his wife Rosie, he knows he cannot heal here and that Sam is â€Å"torn in two† between his year away with Frodo and his new life in the Shire (Tolkien, RK 337). Frodo decides to depart for the Havens and leave Sam as the heir to everything he has. Frodo does not ask Sam to come with him, even though he can as a Ring-bearer, because he knows Sam will be â€Å"as happy as anyone can be† staying in the Shire with his family in Bag End (Tolkien, RK 338). Leaving Sam behind and giving him everything he owned is an entirely selfless act as Frodo could have easily asked Sam t o come with him. However, Frodo wants what is truly best for Sam, demonstrating an ultimately altruistic love. He sacrifices his desire to keep Sam in his life because he loves him so truly. Similarly, Sam understands that Frodo no longer belongs in the Shire and as much as it pains him to see Frodo leave as â€Å"tears started in his eyes,† he returns to his family and acknowledges his spiritual wholeness and return to the Shire, holding his child and saying â€Å"‘Well, I’m back’† (Tolkien, RK 337; 340). The development of the relationship is illustrated by Sam’s tears. As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of the quest Sam bursts into tears because he is so happy he will get to leave the Shire to see all the legends he hears about. In this instance, his tears are out of happiness for himself and the benefit he derives from his relationship with Frodo, demonstrating their originally reciprocal bond. As Frodo leaves, however, Sam’s tears are not for himself but rather for Frodo and the loss of his friend. The difference of the feelings behind the tears at the beginning of the novel and at the end show the development of t heir relationship from a reciprocal one to an altruistic one. Sam sacrifices his relationship with Frodo and understands why he must leave. As much as Sam wants Frodo to stay in the Shire, he lets him go because he knows it is what will heal Frodo. Both Sam and Frodo endure a major loss by parting ways, but by letting each other go they know they are benefiting one another, demonstrating Agape love. Agape is neither erotic or brotherly, but a description of a self-sacrificial love with the purpose of benefitting another. By the end of the novel, Frodo and Sam reach the epitome of Agape when they let each other go selflessly for the benefit of the other. Frodo and Sam develop a deep and complex relationship over the course of the novel that evolves so intensely that it cannot be defined by just one word. While the relationship they share begins reciprocal, it quickly intensifies into a codependency where the two need each other to survive. Their self-sacrifice at the conclusion in order for the other to heal exhibits Agape and demonstrates the depth and complexity of their relationship. This type of close male intimacy is foreign to people in contemporary society because of the insufficiency and phobic nature of today’s language, and therefore no single modern word is able to accurately capture the true essence of Frodo and Sam’s relationship. Tolkien creates a complex relationship that is too nuanced to be described by one word. The evolvement of Frodo and Sam’s relationship, eventually reaching a peak of Agape, the highest form of love, cannot be described by any single word because it is not just one thing â⠂¬â€ it is deep and complex as true love often is.