The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment Essay

The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment The history of the death penalty goes back to the earliest civilizations where it was used to punish all sorts of crimes from robbery, to murder, to different forms of heresy. In the United States it evolved to just punish murder, treason, and some cases of rape. It has been an issue that has sparked a never ending debate that goes back to colonial times. The general public traditionally supported the death penalty in a majority with only a few politicians speaking out against it (i.e., Benjamin Rush, Ben Franklin and later on Horace Greeley). Once the U.S. gained independence, each state went back and forth in abolishing and reinstating the death penalty and methods of†¦show more content†¦Some dissenters claimed that people who were ethically opposed to the death penalty were biased because they would never vote to give the death penalty to people who deserved it. Some historians say that this marked the first time that the supreme court was persuaded by public opinion aga inst capital punishment. The following statement was made by Justice Potter Stewart who spoke for the majority, â€Å"In a nation less than half of whose people believe in the death penalty, a jury composed exclusively of such people cannot speak for the community†¦In its quest for a jury capable of imposing the death penalty, the State produced a jury uncommonly willing to condemn a man to die† (Gottfried:60). Scholars and lawyers also thought this would be the end of capital punishment for good because the courts’ willingness to accept people who fundamentally opposed the death penalty, but this turned out not to be true because of details in the decision that allowed courts and legislatures to work around it. The 1972 case of Furman v Georgia was seen as a complete victory for abolitionists at the time, but proved to be more complicated than it appeared. It said that the death penalty, as it was administered, violated the Eighth Amendments because it was cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Fourteenth Amendment because it did not guarantee equal protection under the law (Costanzo:18). TheShow MoreRelatedBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). U.S. Department of Justice. 25 Nov. 2014. Web. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics is the United States primary source for criminal justice statistics. The website has published information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the OfficeRead MoreCapital Punishment and the Media1249 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment and the Media Xavier Mendez Professor Collica JUS110 September 12, 2011 Capital Punishment and the Media In today’s society, the capital punishment known as the death penalty has played a major role in the criminal justice system. It has brought important debates to the national attention in every aspect to whether end the lives of criminals. With the intense media coverage, it raised high standards on disputes on high profile cases such as serial killers. The attentionRead MoreAn Examination of Capital Punishment Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment also known as the death penalty is when a person who has been convicted by the court of law can be sentenced to death. This occurs when a defendant is being tried with a criminal offense; such as the conscious murder of a peace officer on active duty, or a federal agent. This punishment has been a constant debate throughout our history. People claim it to be unjust or a cruel and unusual punishment, while another part of our population claims that this consequence is not used enoughRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Lega l Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Eliminated1679 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of humanity, punishments have been in place for the wrongful acts of citizens within governmental systems of all kinds. In America during the early days of the country, the death penalty was a more viable solution than it appears today due to the quality of the prisons, which couldn’t sustain prisoners long-term. (Von Drehle, 2015). Today, this is not an issue with prisons that are provided both by the state and federal governments and that are fully capable of holding offendersRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Costly, Counterproductive, And Corrupting1678 Words   |  7 PagesDeath Penalty as the Answer to Crime: Costly, Counterproductive, and Corrupting† Bright asserts that capital punishment does not work because it is racially biased, the quality of the lawyers and attorneys supplied by the st ate to poor defendants is unfair, and that the law system currently in place does not accomplish its true goals. Bright defends his claim with logos and ethos by examining the opinions of judges and district attorneys, and by describing experience within the fields of human rightsRead MoreEssay on Reinstating Capital Punishment in Britain912 Words   |  4 PagesReinstating Capital Punishment in Britain Capital Punishment is the legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging, or shooting. The deathRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment783 Words   |  4 Pagesit comes to society today. The crime rates are not being evaluated enough, the country is in recession, and many families are desperate for any form of income. In order to maintain a healthy and safe environment for the following generations capital punishment should be mandatory for every state. In the judicial system and throughout society, the importance of accuracy and honesty can become a relief to the defendant when they are faced with the possible conviction of the crime and the accessibleRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Social Implications1463 Words   |  6 Pages The Use of Capital Punishment to Serve Justice, and its Social Implications Chloe E. Stone, Slippery Rock University Abstract This paper will provide the reader with a firm understanding of the capital punishment, and its application in the justice system. Additionally, it will explain how capital punishment in the fields of criminal justice and criminology impacts society, and those who surround these fields. Multiple publications that examine capital punishment will be analyzedRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Economic, Political, And Social Impact On The United States Of America1739 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Capital punishment, also frequently referred to as the  death penalty, is a government certified practice where a person is put to death by the state as a form of punishment for a crime they have committed (Henderson, 25). Crimes that are found punishable by death are referred to as  capital crimes  or  capital offences, and commonly include offences such as murder, treason, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide (Henderson, 48-9). The term  capital  is derived from the  Latin term

The Effect Censorship has on Art Essay examples - 943 Words

Though out history artist have rejected any forms of censorship. Governments have had to enforce censorship laws for the sake of public safety. As well, as to maintain control of society and to uphold the moral and ethical values that the populous demands. Whether you are for or against censorship in art, it serves a useful purpose in moderation, but it can be taken to extremes. Whether it’s a fascist government or a extremist religious organization it is easy for a controversial law to be twisted in order to grab and maintain absolute power over the masses. We as a people need structure and laws but we need our freedom to express ourselves. Lean one way or the other too far and society can potentially fall apart. The Effect†¦show more content†¦In the quest for marketability, some artists have pushed the bounds of acceptability. Throughout time, there have been many dark periods that censorship has plagued the artistic freedom of the artist. According to Herbert Mitgang(1993, p. 1.11) One such period was during WWII when the Nazi Censors ceased artwork, books, and sculptures deemed racially inferior. Nazis imprisoned or executed artist they found to be in conflict with the Third Reich. The persecution artists have endured for expressing themselves in a manner that has not agreed with a power in charge has been brutal at times. From Fascist Governments to extreme religious leaders imposing there own beliefs, artist have had a â€Å"bull’s-eye† painted on their backs. When religion and art mix, it can be beautiful and inspiring. In contrast, if the artist is not of a religious faith and depicts their art in a fashion contrary to the beliefs of a particular religion, then that artist may make a very powerful enemy. Religious fundamentalism may have had the greatest impact on art censorship. Christian values and freedom of expression often collide. From early religious beginnings to present, religious organization and leaders have had conflicts with artistic freedoms of expression. To quote The Encyclopaedia of the Renaissance(Counter-Reformation, 1987) for an example,â€Å"Since Protestant ideas and Catholic spiritualist notions (understood to theirShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Censorship1590 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship can be beneficial in some aspects but if used improperly it can also be harmful. Censorship is the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do. Censorship can affect all forms of art, music, spee ch, and expression. It can be seen as a means of suppressing free speech, especially in the case of musical lyrics and the impact music has on behaviors. According to Richard Taruskin, â€Å"It is all but irresistible kinesthetic response that music evokes that makes it suchRead MoreThe Perception Of Beauty Is Subjective And Dependent On The Viewer1645 Words   |  7 Pagesthings are appealing to one, another will most likely have an alternative perspective. Artwork is all about the expression of ideas, the meaning behind why the ideas are expressed a particular way, and the impact the piece has on the viewer’s emotions. The point of censorship is to monitor what information or ideas are being exerted in order to remove harmful or sensitive content from being viewed. However, by removing content, discussion and the expression of ideas are also being removed. This putsRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Arts1173 Words   |  5 Pages Censorship In the Arts Innocence, purity, youth — qualities that society strives to protect. In order to safeguard these sanctities, society often employs censorship to combat vileness. Vileness embedded within the arts. Art has no limits, no boundaries, no rules. Art is undefinable. Therefore, art is easily considered to be the nesting grounds for defilement. Censorship is currently the preferred tool to cleanse this impurity. Censorship is â€Å"the suppression of words, images, or ideas that areRead MoreCensorship Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Censorship Censorship is a highly controversial topic regarding the arts, controlling the freedom of expression of artists to convey what is deemed acceptable within society. Ai Weiwei falls victim under the power of the regime and the influence of censorship guidelines within China, limiting the display of his art due to the important messages he raises. Andres Serrano has experienced attempted censorship on his provocative image, Piss Christ, and has been attacked for producing offensive art.Read MoreEssay on Is Censorship Justified?1174 Words   |  5 PagesIs Censorship Justified? Ever wondered the reason behind racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, children committing crime or violence? The main reason is that censorship is not properly imposed or there is a need of censorship in the society. Censorship is the suppression of ideas and information that certain people, individual, groups or government officials find it objectionable, offensive or dangerous on others. There are varieties of other definitions but all have in common the conceptRead MorePosition Paper: Censorship1391 Words   |  6 Pages Every structured society has suffered from some form of censorship of literature, art, or entertainment. Plato, the famous the famous Greek philosopher, was the first to record a method of censorship in a democratic society. In his Republic one of the first guidelines Plato designates is that The first thing will be to establish a censorship of the writers of fiction, and let the censors receive any tale of fiction which is good, and reject the bad; and we will desire mothers and nurses to tellRead MoreCensorship of Music: Limiting One’s Rights Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leavesRead MoreCensorship Is Not Freedom, Morality, And Safety Of The People1549 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you think of the word, â€Å"censorship†, what do you think of? Secrecy? Morality? Oppression? Liberals often see censorship as a limit set by the government. A limit to suppress the capabilities of the human race. A limit that keeps a country’s citizens intact. A limit that keeps the people ignorant so that the powerful can stay powerful. But what if I told you that censorship isn’t what the liberals say it is? What if I told you that censorship is the thing that is keeping our country togetherRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511241 Words   |  5 PagesEinstein). In Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, the novel explores censorships role as a hindrance on individuality, and the severe toll it takes on society’s self-awareness. Academia has widely argued the reason behind Bradbury’s dystopian themed work of art. Most interpretations of the novel suggest the work resembles anti-censorship propaganda. On the other hand, Bradbury himself stated: â€Å"I wasn’t worried about censorship-I was worried about people being turned into morons by TV† (Smolla, TheRead MoreFreedom of Expression is Ensured in India1473 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment can potentially censor anything. No other form of expression has had so many run-ins with these constitutional mandates as cinema. In India the National Cinematograph act (1952) lays down the guidelines to be followed during certification of films. It comes under the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) which in turn comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The censor board has to depend on the police to enforce its rulings. A film certification

The Right to Privacy in the Information Age Essay examples

In a day in the life of Joe, an ordinary American, he drives to the office, owrks at a computer, browses in a shop at lunch time, then picks up some milk and a video on the way home, where a pile of junk mail and bills await him. At every stop alo ng the way, his doings can be watched, monitored, tabulated, and sold. On this typical day, Joe, our ordinary American, does not realize how technology has changed his private life. Joes driving route may be tracked by a sophisticated traffic system. At work, his employer can listen in to his business conversations on the telephone, and tap into his computer, e-mail, or voice-mail. At the shopping center, the secret closed-circuit camera may seek him out personally. The shop is†¦show more content†¦Consumers purchasing items over the Internet dont realize they are giving away more information then they are revealing. And employees have no clue that they are constantly being watched by video surveilla nce and through e-m ail messages. There needs to be some sort of laws or restrictions to help a person maintain medical, workplace, and consumer privacy because todays technology is growing too fast just to be left alone. I feel that privacy is a core v alue in our socieyt, and an issue of great concern that needs to be looked at by people very carefully. In a recent poll, 80% of Americans told pollsters they worry that they have lost all control over their personal information (We 28). But at the same time, they relish in information. People are still willing to fill out warranty cards, questionn aires, and surveys on themselves, and send them to companies where their data becomes public knowledge in the stream of databases. As recently as 1990, the Internet was almost unknown to the general public, being a tool used to assist U.S. military and a cademic research. Then, in 1992, Senator Al Gore, Jr., announced the information superhighway and millions of new users eagerly embraced this new medium. By the end of 1995, the volume of exchanges between these users, who numbered 30 millio n in 1995, surpassed 30 terabytes per month, or enough information to fill 30 million books of 700 pages each (Everett-Green 158). OnceShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Risks in the Digital Age1271 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy in Digital Age The Risk of Digital Age Indeed, the Digital age has been considered as one of the greatest development of the world today. It has brought different benefits to the lives of people and catered all their needs and wants. As the world gets into crave for things that are â€Å"quick and easy†, the Digital Age had posed threat to people’s privacy and security (Meeks, 2000). The advancement in new technologies and gadgets should not only be considered as something good that came intoRead MorePublic or Private?798 Words   |  3 Pagessociety, people are losing sight of how important privacy truly is. We, as Americans, may seem concerned about our privacy, but this â€Å"concern† does not stop us from acquiring the latest and greatest technology. Designers are building technology with no consideration of the security and privacy of their consumers. People are purchasing these new iPhones with fingerprint recognition and downloading different apps everyday with the thought of privacy and secur ity in the back of their minds. Cell phonesRead MoreShould Privacy Be Privacy? Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesIs it possible to have privacy in this day in age? Is somebody watching every move we make? These questions have been running through my mind ever since I got my iPhone. It’s terrifying to believe that someone could be watching me all the time. Although this isn’t on my mind every second of the day, it is something major to think about. Unfortunately this is an issue that we deal with today. Whenever we expose ourselves to the public, ninety percent of the time we are being watched. I do understandRead MoreA Brief Note On The Problem Of Privacy1385 Words   |  6 PagesApril 24, 2016 English 103 Prof. Goldman Research Paper The problem regarding privacy is one of the foremost discussed topics in today’s society where everyone has an abundant flow of information. Digitalized personal data and record of daily life can be spread through the internet very easily; thus, it made means of protecting that information more important than any time in the past, changing today’s perception about privacy from the past. Furthermore, spread in use of smart phones advanced the internetRead MoreA Breach Of Childrens Online Privacy1715 Words   |  7 Pages A Breach of Children’s Online Privacy: Examining the Fourth Amendment and a Right to Privacy Regarding Mobile Apps Ina Salvaleon Berry College Citation Style: APA â€Æ' A Breach of Children’s Online Privacy: Examining the Fourth Amendment and a Right to Privacy Regarding Mobile Apps Children are more likely to be found on a technological device that can access the Internet than outside being physically active. While in many cases, they are knowledgeable online users, children are stillRead MorePrivacy Is The Freedom From Unauthorized Intrusion Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesas a means of protecting our natural rights, such as speech and privacy, but are we truly protected the government and others? Merriam-Webster dictionary defines privacy as the freedom from unauthorized intrusion. Privacy is one of the earliest forms of noneconomic due process, the idea was proposed by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis in 1890 was presented as a unifying theme for common law protection rights (â€Å"Development of the†). As consumers, we have a right to be left alone under the law, butRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution1501 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction. The Bill of Rights is a historical documents that has the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is for greater constitutional protection for our own individual liberties. It has a list of specific prohibitions on government power. There were only 12 amendments originally for the state legislatures and only picked 10 for all the states and those are known as the Bill of Rights, but there are 27 amendments in total. AmendmentsRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1152 Words   |  5 Pages Personal interest in the right to privacy has intensified in recent years along with the rapid development of new technologies. A century later, these concerns remain, but many others have joined them. Advances in information and communications technology have increased our ability to collect, store and transmit data about individuals. While these advances could be considered useful, some see them as a situation where anyone can watch and record the actions of every individual, and where theRead MoreAdministrative Ethics Paper Hcs/3351052 Words   |  5 Pageschallenging issue of protecting their privacy. One of the biggest areas infringing on a patient’s privacy would be the prescription health information that is being released by pharmacists and the way in which that information is used. Information is given to a wide variety of entities and to individuals, which raises enormous concern about the privacy rights of patients, especially considering the fact that the patient has not given consent for the release of this information. Legislative and judicialRead MoreGeneration X, Popularly Known As â€Å"Millennials† By Americans1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthis generation for seemingly their largest offence yet, something that could well, and truly, effect all of mankind throughout the digital age; internet privacy. Having not lived in a time with any devices to put their private information into, most millennials see the concept of personal privacy while on the internet a non-issue. Non-millennials and privacy experts assert this has allowed large corporations near unrestricted access to profit off our personal likes, and tastes. This could certainly

The Development Of New Zealand - 1627 Words

New Zealand is a country which for the most part is made up of hills and mountains area. These hilly and mountainous natures cover about 18 million hectares in land. This means that about 69% of the country land has slopes greater than 12 °, and got the country to be nicknamed the ‘hill country’. This 69% hilly land is further divided into two based on the sloppiness of the land. The land with slope between 12–28 ° is called ‘hill-land’; thus, the land whose slope exceeds 28 ° is themed ‘steepland’ (DSIR 1980). The diversity in New Zealand’s ‘hill country’ physical regimes creates ranges of slope and altitude, coupled with a extensive latitudinal range, a mid-oceanic setting surrounding the subtropical with cooling moderate climates, and complex geologic and tectonic regimes. As a consequence of this diversity, the productive potential of New Zealand’s’ hill country, and its response to climatic ev ents, created the use of sustainable land us act to be used across the country. Out of these 18 million hectares, 6.3 million hectares in the North Island comprises of majorly soft rock and crushed soft rock terrain (Mclvor, Douglas, Dymond, Eyles and Marden. 2011). About 23% of the 18 million is made up of volcanic ash and loess-mantled terrain comprises largely on the periphery of the Central Volcanic Zone. Also, 14.5% of the available land is Hard rock hill country, which is exclusive of the igneous hard rock is largely strenuous on the margins of the axial ranges. Whereas theShow MoreRelatedMarket Development Report : The New Zealand Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction Here is my written Market Development report. I have been appointed as the newest sales person to the New Zealand team, to help with achieving that target. I would first like to familiarise myself with the company, and with my new role as I can see Zeacom has set itself the goal to increase its sales in the New Zealand market in the coming financial year by 10 %. This will open up new opportunities to further increase sales by previous years within the current market they are inRead MoreHow New Zealand Wine As A Catalyst For Economic Development Essay2596 Words   |  11 Pagessubmission: April 28, 15 Tuesday Name: Vaibhav Vishen Student ID: L572407 Topic: How New Zealand wine has become a success in global marketplace in such a relatively short time. In the global marketplace, wine has always acted as a catalyst for economic development. New Zealand being responsible for less than 1% of the global production of wines (NZ Wines, 2014), The New Zealand wines came into global attention in 1980’s with its production of one of the best quality wine, SauvignonRead MoreThe Development Of New Zealand Art From The 20th Century2394 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"The development of New Zealand Art from the 20th into the 21st Century† New Zealand is home to various great artists who have crafted and created a platform for current, new and upcoming New Zealand artists. Throughout the 19th Century New Zealand artwork was predominantly based around New Zealand’s scenery, artists during the 20th Century such as Rita Angus demonstrated through her artworks landscapes and sceneries of New Zealand whereas other New Zealand artists such as Gordon Walters incorporatedRead MorePharmaceutical Industry : United Kingdom, Usa Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Introduction: In the world the main hub of pharmaceutical industry are in United Kingdom, USA. New Zealand is far away located from these countries and has a population of 4.4 million and has got less number of pharmaceutical industries. The statistics figure show that there were only two compounds developed during 2001 but due to increased in the government funds from $16.3 million in the year 2000-2001 to $43.1 million in the year 2006-2007 the number increased to 12. The success and profitRead MoreThe Strategic Marketing On New Zealand Merino1466 Words   |  6 Pages We wool if you wool MERINO Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine on the Strategic Marketing on New Zealand Merino. And to identify their current marketing tactics and the marketing opportunities that can be applied. New Zealand Merino business had encounter numerous challenges before it became a producer of merino fabric with high grade quality and gain a recognize on its brand in local and international market. This achievement of the organization in previous years isRead More The Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. The report will draw a conclusion which Highlights area of consideration in tourism planning. Conclusion and Recommendations For New Zealand tourism has a lot to offer but at the same time, care has to be taken not to mistreatRead MoreAir New Zealand Board Of Directors Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAir New Zealand Board of Directors need to have the skills of top managers, such as leadership, strategic planning and risk management. In addition, they need to establish any negotiating ability is excellent and build relationships with other major airline alliances. b) Staff: Air New Zealand chief executive Christopher Luxon experience from other members of the January 2013 implementation of the team are: †¢ Cam Wallace - Chief Sales Commercial Officer †¢ Rob MacDonald - Chief Financial OfficerRead MoreTourism in New Zealand1430 Words   |  6 PagesTourism In New Zealand Executive Summary The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. The report will draw a conclusion which Highlights area of consideration in tourism planning. Conclusion and Recommendations For New Zealand tourism has a lot to offer but at the same time, care has to be taken not to mistreatRead MoreThe Role Of Director Of The New Zealand Aid Programme Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication for the role of the Director of the New Zealand Aid Programme (NZAP). Studying the inconsistent implementation of past aid policies, I will use the Pacific to outline my vision for the direction of future aid administration. Guided by the principle purpose of New Zealand’s first independent aid organisation, NZAID, and in keeping with international aid trends, my vision for NZAP would work towards one clear goal: the elimination of poverty. New Zealand aid policies have been reorganised overRead MoreNew Zealands Acceptance of the Importance of Privacy Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesprivacy tort, New Zealand has recently taken the step of accepting privacy as a free-standing tort in it’s own right. I will discuss the legislative environment which led to this New Zealand development, the case which finally brought about the acceptance and discuss just how this new tort and susbsequnt decisions will affect the media. Finally I will comment on the direction in which the law appears to be taking privacy in New Zealand. Legislative Background New Zealand has a number of

Organization Behavior - Structure and Processes

Question: Discuss about the Report for Organization of Behavior, Structure and Processes. Answer: Introduction The term organization is used to refer to a collection of persons working together to accomplish a given mutual goal (Harper, 2015). Since the people working in the organization come from different regions, cultures, background and religions, diversity occurs in the organizations. This means that there has to be an agreed procedures to be adhered to both as a group of workers as well as an individual worker of the organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Organizational structure is what outlines the way in which the organizational responsibilities are coordinated, grouped and shared among all members of each and every organization. Another important term in the paper is the organizational behavior which is the study of the traits portrayed by a group and individuals in an organization. There is a wide diversity in the organizational behavior brought by both the different structure of the organization and a collection of people of diverse cultures in an organization. The final term is the organizational processes which implies the methods through which activities in an organization are carried out (Pettigrew, 2014). Diversity in the organizational process, behavior and structure is the multiplicity of perspectives and experience resulting from variation in gender identity, race, mental or physical abilities, culture, age, religion, sexual orientation, and heritage (Harper, 2015). Organisation: Behaviour, Structure and Processes: Organizational structure play a major role in the day to day running of the company as illustrated in the definition. Hence every firm has organizational chart that diagrammatically displays the organizational structure, and also displays all the positional ranks as well as the relationship between members of the organization. Due to diversity in organizations two significant roles are provided to all members in each and every formal organizational structure (Cummings, Worley, 2014). First the extent of control amounting to each member in the organization is dictated by the structure. Secondly all the roles for the organizational members are illustrated by the structure of the organization, this is to ensure every member knows who they are supposed to report to as well as what they are supposed to do in the firm (Cummings, Worley, 2014). There are six diverse elements contained in an organizational structure. Each and every one of these influence the processes and the manner in which activities are performed in an organization. These elements of the organizational structure includes departmentalization whose role is to establish a manner in which the jobs are clustered together (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Some of the ways in which the jobs in an organization can be grouped is as follows by product line, job function as well as job territory. All the organizations have chains of command that provides an authority line which runs from the bottom to the top of the organization spelling out the chain of command in other words who report to whom in a particular organization (DuBrin, 2013). The other element of the organizational structure is work specialization which is part of the significant elements in influencing the way in which the structure of the organization will be or how it is. It also affects the manner in which chores are subdivided into distinct jobs among members in the organization. Work specialization explains whether a job should be broken down among several members in a particular organization or the task should be completed by a particular individual (Pettigrew, 2013). More specialization is needed when a particular job is broken down into smaller chores in the firm. High specialization entails an advantage of high efficiency in an organization but on the other hand it has a disadvantage of boredom to the workers as they are required to do the same task over and over again (Cummings, Worley, 2014). As a result of the diversity in the organizational structure, the exact number of the managers needed to oversee and give direction to the employees in an organization is directly dictated by the particular structure adopted by the company. This is termed as span of control and is what determines the number of person or employees that are to be effectively and efficiently managed by an individual manager. Companies with a narrow span of control are less efficient and requires a bigger number of managers than an organization with a wider span of control, but when the span of control exceeds the limit, the employees in such an organization may not receive sufficient support and required leadership from the managers (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Diversity in the structure of the organization is perceived on decentralization and centralization. This determines the place where the authority in making decision lies. An organization is considered centralized when the lower level personnel are not considered nor consulted in decision-making but the supreme power lies on the top management. On the other hand a firm is considered decentralized when or where the lower level managers and personnel are involved in at a higher degree in decision making process in that particular organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The last element contained in the structure of the organization is formalization. This element dictates to what degree the tasks in a particular firm are standardized. Lower degree of formalization gives a high degree of freedom and flexibility to employees in how they carry out their jobs. A highly formalized company on the other hand gives lesser freedom to the organizational employees as jobs have clearly defined proce dure (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The organizational behavior being the study of the diverse character traits portrayed by persons and groups of persons and application of that knowledge in managing of the workers. This is done by taking a system approach, which means that organizational behavior elaborates the relationships that exist between the organization and people whole social system, whole organization, whole group and the whole person (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Its purpose is to develop a healthier relationships by achieving social objective, human objective and organizational objective (Cummings, 2004). The elements of organizational behavior are the basis in which an organization is based which are enshrined on managements values, goals, philosophy and vision. In turn these elements directs the diverse cultures of the organization which are composed of the social environment, the informal organization and the formal organization (Felin, et al, 2012). The four models illustrating the diversity under which the organization operates includes Custodial, Autocratic, Collegial, and Supportive. The Custodial model is based on the economic incomes with an administrative orientation of money (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). On the other hand the employees depends and are oriented towards benefits and security provided by the organization. Autocratic model is based on power with a managerial oriented authority. Here the workers are oriented towards dependence and obedience of the boss. Only the subsistence needs of the employees are met and there is minimal performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The Collegial model is based on partnership with a teamwork oriented managerial. The on the other hand are oriented to having self-discipline and behaving responsibly. Self-actualization is the employees need that is met while the moderate result is the performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Lastly is the supportive model based on leadershi p with a managerial oriented support. Despite there being four different models, majority of the organizations operate on several of these models at a particular instant (Robbins, 2001). Lastly there exist a diversity in the processes in an organization which entails, assigning the tasks to individuals after determination of the work needed to accomplish the goal of the organization, and organizing the individuals in a framework of making decisions that is organizational structure (Miner, 2015). Organization is the end product of the diverse organizational processes, which is an assemblage of combined parts acting in unison to perform tasks so as to efficiently and effectively attain a set goal. Team members can only be aware of their responsibilities in an organization where organizational processes are appropriately implemented (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Failure to carry out the organization process in an appropriate manner result to lack of effectiveness, frustration, loss of efficiency and confusion among employees. Generally the diversity in the organizational processes can be illustrated in five steps including objectives and plans review, where the objectives are the precise activities which has to be accomplished to achieve goals while the plans are what shapes these activities for the goal to be achieved (Thornton, et al, 2012). As a result of the diversity in the organizational processes, it is mandatory for the plans to be continually examined by the managers as new goals are developed and the plans change. The next process is determining the necessary work to accomplish the objectives. Here to achieve the goal of the organization chores that require to be accomplished is listed and analyzed by the managers (Salin, 2003). Next is ensuring that necessary activities are clarified and managed into manageable units for example in four models of departmentalization; geographical, customer, functional and product. Then delegating and assigning activities. Lastly is designing a chain of command of relationships (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, it is important and appropriate to understand the diversities that exist in different organizations. This diversities bring about difference in organizational behavior, structure and processes in each and every organization. Understanding of the diversities is the key to effective and efficient management of the organizational day to day activities. References Harper, C. (2015). Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Miner, J. B. (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014). The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. DuBrin, A. J. (2013). Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Pettigrew, A. (2013). The Awakening Giant (Routledge Revivals): Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries. Routledge. Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press on Demand. Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimeriks, K. H., Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of routines and capabilities: Individuals, processes, and structure. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1351-1374. Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior, 14/E. Pearson Education India. Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human relations, 56(10), 1213-1232. Stewart, G. L., Barrick, M. R. (2000). Team structure and performance: Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of management Journal, 43(2), 135-148. Cummings, J. N. (2004). Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization. Management science, 50(3), 352-364.

The History of Thanksgiving Essay Example For Students

The History of Thanksgiving Essay THANKSGIVING The purpose of Thanksgiving in Canada is different from the Americans. But even though the reasons for giving thanks are different, many of the customs are the same. Canadian Thanksgiving was originally started to give thanks to God for a bountiful harvest. This was when there were lots of farmers that grew crops. Now we give thanks for everything we appreciate. Some farming families still give thanks for a good crop. Harvest celebrations have been around a long time. Ever since the very first harvest, about 2000 years ago, people have given thanks for a prosperous bounty. The first formal Thanksgiving was in the year 1578. A man named Martin Frobisher had given thanks for surviving his journey from England. He also gave thanks for a place that is now called Newfoundland. The celebration at Thanksgiving was also brought to Nova Scotia when Americans began to settle there. At the same time French settlers were arriving and were also having feasts of thanks. In 1879, Canadian parliament declared November 6th a day of Thanksgiving and a national holiday. The date of Thanksgiving has changed several times until January 31st, 1957, when parliament proclaimed that the second Monday in October be a day of general Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed. A big part of Thanksgiving is a Thanksgiving feast. The feast usually consists of potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, peas, gravy, stuffing, salads, buns and lots of other great food. The main part of the feast is usually the turkey. Other families might have ham, roast beef, duck or chicken. The dessert that is most likely to follow the feast is pumpkin pie. Other people may choose different desserts and food depending on their customs and beliefs for which they choose to give thanks. Lets not forget the biggest and most important reason for this holiday giving THANKS! People usually give thanks for everything they have. Their jobs, health, families or just being alive are just a few of the things that people give thanks for. Thanksgiving is a time when people can create their own customs and traditions because everyone is thankful for different things. The cornucopia has become a traditional symbol of this holiday because it is commonly shown filled with grain, vegetables and fruit, t he staple food that settlers would give thanks for. During Thanksgiving, my family spends time together and we have fun. We go to places and give thanks to God for having each other in our lives. We give thanks for our health, our home, our food and especially each other. My favorite part of Thanksgiving is the pumpkin pie after a big turkey dinner with all the fixings. Thanksgiving is the perfect time for me to appreciate all that I have. My family farms so we always give thanks for a good harvest. Where we come from the community celebrates Thanksgiving all together with a tradition call Fowl Supper. The entire community enjoys food prepared by the local families in the basement of the local church. To those people who created this wonderful holiday..Thank-you for Thanksgiving.