Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Development Of New Zealand - 1627 Words
New Zealand is a country which for the most part is made up of hills and mountains area. These hilly and mountainous natures cover about 18 million hectares in land. This means that about 69% of the country land has slopes greater than 12 °, and got the country to be nicknamed the ‘hill country’. This 69% hilly land is further divided into two based on the sloppiness of the land. The land with slope between 12–28 ° is called ‘hill-land’; thus, the land whose slope exceeds 28 ° is themed ‘steepland’ (DSIR 1980). The diversity in New Zealand’s ‘hill country’ physical regimes creates ranges of slope and altitude, coupled with a extensive latitudinal range, a mid-oceanic setting surrounding the subtropical with cooling moderate climates, and complex geologic and tectonic regimes. As a consequence of this diversity, the productive potential of New Zealand’s’ hill country, and its response to climatic ev ents, created the use of sustainable land us act to be used across the country. Out of these 18 million hectares, 6.3 million hectares in the North Island comprises of majorly soft rock and crushed soft rock terrain (Mclvor, Douglas, Dymond, Eyles and Marden. 2011). About 23% of the 18 million is made up of volcanic ash and loess-mantled terrain comprises largely on the periphery of the Central Volcanic Zone. Also, 14.5% of the available land is Hard rock hill country, which is exclusive of the igneous hard rock is largely strenuous on the margins of the axial ranges. Whereas theShow MoreRelatedMarket Development Report : The New Zealand Essay1935 Words  | 8 Pages1. Introduction Here is my written Market Development report. I have been appointed as the newest sales person to the New Zealand team, to help with achieving that target. I would first like to familiarise myself with the company, and with my new role as I can see Zeacom has set itself the goal to increase its sales in the New Zealand market in the coming financial year by 10 %. 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The success and profitRead MoreThe Strategic Marketing On New Zealand Merino1466 Words  | 6 Pages We wool if you wool MERINO Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine on the Strategic Marketing on New Zealand Merino. And to identify their current marketing tactics and the marketing opportunities that can be applied. New Zealand Merino business had encounter numerous challenges before it became a producer of merino fabric with high grade quality and gain a recognize on its brand in local and international market. This achievement of the organization in previous years isRead More The Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand Essay1407 Words  | 6 PagesThe Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. 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In addition, they need to establish any negotiating ability is excellent and build relationships with other major airline alliances. b) Staff: Air New Zealand chief executive Christopher Luxon experience from other members of the January 2013 implementation of the team are: †¢ Cam Wallace - Chief Sales Commercial Officer †¢ Rob MacDonald - Chief Financial OfficerRead MoreTourism in New Zealand1430 Words  | 6 PagesTourism In New Zealand Executive Summary The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. The report will draw a conclusion which Highlights area of consideration in tourism planning. Conclusion and Recommendations For New Zealand tourism has a lot to offer but at the same time, care has to be taken not to mistreatRead MoreThe Role Of Director Of The New Zealand Aid Programme Essay1352 Words  | 6 Pagesapplication for the role of the Director of the New Zealand Aid Programme (NZAP). Studying the inconsistent implementation of past aid policies, I will use the Pacific to outline my vision for the direction of future aid administration. Guided by the principle purpose of New Zealand’s first independent aid organisation, NZAID, and in keeping with international aid trends, my vision for NZAP would work towards one clear goal: the elimination of poverty. New Zealand aid policies have been reorganised overRead MoreNew Zealands Acceptance of the Importance of Privacy Essay1705 Words  | 7 Pagesprivacy tort, New Zealand has recently taken the step of accepting privacy as a free-standing tort in it’s own right. I will discuss the legislative environment which led to this New Zealand development, the case which finally brought about the acceptance and discuss just how this new tort and susbsequnt decisions will affect the media. Finally I will comment on the direction in which the law appears to be taking privacy in New Zealand. Legislative Background New Zealand has a number of
Organization Behavior - Structure and Processes
Question: Discuss about the Report for Organization of Behavior, Structure and Processes. Answer: Introduction The term organization is used to refer to a collection of persons working together to accomplish a given mutual goal (Harper, 2015). Since the people working in the organization come from different regions, cultures, background and religions, diversity occurs in the organizations. This means that there has to be an agreed procedures to be adhered to both as a group of workers as well as an individual worker of the organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Organizational structure is what outlines the way in which the organizational responsibilities are coordinated, grouped and shared among all members of each and every organization. Another important term in the paper is the organizational behavior which is the study of the traits portrayed by a group and individuals in an organization. There is a wide diversity in the organizational behavior brought by both the different structure of the organization and a collection of people of diverse cultures in an organization. The final term is the organizational processes which implies the methods through which activities in an organization are carried out (Pettigrew, 2014). Diversity in the organizational process, behavior and structure is the multiplicity of perspectives and experience resulting from variation in gender identity, race, mental or physical abilities, culture, age, religion, sexual orientation, and heritage (Harper, 2015). Organisation: Behaviour, Structure and Processes: Organizational structure play a major role in the day to day running of the company as illustrated in the definition. Hence every firm has organizational chart that diagrammatically displays the organizational structure, and also displays all the positional ranks as well as the relationship between members of the organization. Due to diversity in organizations two significant roles are provided to all members in each and every formal organizational structure (Cummings, Worley, 2014). First the extent of control amounting to each member in the organization is dictated by the structure. Secondly all the roles for the organizational members are illustrated by the structure of the organization, this is to ensure every member knows who they are supposed to report to as well as what they are supposed to do in the firm (Cummings, Worley, 2014). There are six diverse elements contained in an organizational structure. Each and every one of these influence the processes and the manner in which activities are performed in an organization. These elements of the organizational structure includes departmentalization whose role is to establish a manner in which the jobs are clustered together (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Some of the ways in which the jobs in an organization can be grouped is as follows by product line, job function as well as job territory. All the organizations have chains of command that provides an authority line which runs from the bottom to the top of the organization spelling out the chain of command in other words who report to whom in a particular organization (DuBrin, 2013). The other element of the organizational structure is work specialization which is part of the significant elements in influencing the way in which the structure of the organization will be or how it is. It also affects the manner in which chores are subdivided into distinct jobs among members in the organization. Work specialization explains whether a job should be broken down among several members in a particular organization or the task should be completed by a particular individual (Pettigrew, 2013). More specialization is needed when a particular job is broken down into smaller chores in the firm. High specialization entails an advantage of high efficiency in an organization but on the other hand it has a disadvantage of boredom to the workers as they are required to do the same task over and over again (Cummings, Worley, 2014). As a result of the diversity in the organizational structure, the exact number of the managers needed to oversee and give direction to the employees in an organization is directly dictated by the particular structure adopted by the company. This is termed as span of control and is what determines the number of person or employees that are to be effectively and efficiently managed by an individual manager. Companies with a narrow span of control are less efficient and requires a bigger number of managers than an organization with a wider span of control, but when the span of control exceeds the limit, the employees in such an organization may not receive sufficient support and required leadership from the managers (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Diversity in the structure of the organization is perceived on decentralization and centralization. This determines the place where the authority in making decision lies. An organization is considered centralized when the lower level personnel are not considered nor consulted in decision-making but the supreme power lies on the top management. On the other hand a firm is considered decentralized when or where the lower level managers and personnel are involved in at a higher degree in decision making process in that particular organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The last element contained in the structure of the organization is formalization. This element dictates to what degree the tasks in a particular firm are standardized. Lower degree of formalization gives a high degree of freedom and flexibility to employees in how they carry out their jobs. A highly formalized company on the other hand gives lesser freedom to the organizational employees as jobs have clearly defined proce dure (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The organizational behavior being the study of the diverse character traits portrayed by persons and groups of persons and application of that knowledge in managing of the workers. This is done by taking a system approach, which means that organizational behavior elaborates the relationships that exist between the organization and people whole social system, whole organization, whole group and the whole person (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Its purpose is to develop a healthier relationships by achieving social objective, human objective and organizational objective (Cummings, 2004). The elements of organizational behavior are the basis in which an organization is based which are enshrined on managements values, goals, philosophy and vision. In turn these elements directs the diverse cultures of the organization which are composed of the social environment, the informal organization and the formal organization (Felin, et al, 2012). The four models illustrating the diversity under which the organization operates includes Custodial, Autocratic, Collegial, and Supportive. The Custodial model is based on the economic incomes with an administrative orientation of money (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). On the other hand the employees depends and are oriented towards benefits and security provided by the organization. Autocratic model is based on power with a managerial oriented authority. Here the workers are oriented towards dependence and obedience of the boss. Only the subsistence needs of the employees are met and there is minimal performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The Collegial model is based on partnership with a teamwork oriented managerial. The on the other hand are oriented to having self-discipline and behaving responsibly. Self-actualization is the employees need that is met while the moderate result is the performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Lastly is the supportive model based on leadershi p with a managerial oriented support. Despite there being four different models, majority of the organizations operate on several of these models at a particular instant (Robbins, 2001). Lastly there exist a diversity in the processes in an organization which entails, assigning the tasks to individuals after determination of the work needed to accomplish the goal of the organization, and organizing the individuals in a framework of making decisions that is organizational structure (Miner, 2015). Organization is the end product of the diverse organizational processes, which is an assemblage of combined parts acting in unison to perform tasks so as to efficiently and effectively attain a set goal. Team members can only be aware of their responsibilities in an organization where organizational processes are appropriately implemented (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Failure to carry out the organization process in an appropriate manner result to lack of effectiveness, frustration, loss of efficiency and confusion among employees. Generally the diversity in the organizational processes can be illustrated in five steps including objectives and plans review, where the objectives are the precise activities which has to be accomplished to achieve goals while the plans are what shapes these activities for the goal to be achieved (Thornton, et al, 2012). As a result of the diversity in the organizational processes, it is mandatory for the plans to be continually examined by the managers as new goals are developed and the plans change. The next process is determining the necessary work to accomplish the objectives. Here to achieve the goal of the organization chores that require to be accomplished is listed and analyzed by the managers (Salin, 2003). Next is ensuring that necessary activities are clarified and managed into manageable units for example in four models of departmentalization; geographical, customer, functional and product. Then delegating and assigning activities. Lastly is designing a chain of command of relationships (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, it is important and appropriate to understand the diversities that exist in different organizations. This diversities bring about difference in organizational behavior, structure and processes in each and every organization. Understanding of the diversities is the key to effective and efficient management of the organizational day to day activities. References Harper, C. (2015). Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Miner, J. B. (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014). The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. DuBrin, A. J. (2013). Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Pettigrew, A. (2013). The Awakening Giant (Routledge Revivals): Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries. Routledge. Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press on Demand. Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimeriks, K. H., Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of routines and capabilities: Individuals, processes, and structure. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1351-1374. Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior, 14/E. Pearson Education India. Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human relations, 56(10), 1213-1232. Stewart, G. L., Barrick, M. R. (2000). Team structure and performance: Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of management Journal, 43(2), 135-148. Cummings, J. N. (2004). Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization. Management science, 50(3), 352-364.
The History of Thanksgiving Essay Example For Students
The History of Thanksgiving Essay THANKSGIVING The purpose of Thanksgiving in Canada is different from the Americans. But even though the reasons for giving thanks are different, many of the customs are the same. Canadian Thanksgiving was originally started to give thanks to God for a bountiful harvest. This was when there were lots of farmers that grew crops. Now we give thanks for everything we appreciate. Some farming families still give thanks for a good crop. Harvest celebrations have been around a long time. Ever since the very first harvest, about 2000 years ago, people have given thanks for a prosperous bounty. The first formal Thanksgiving was in the year 1578. A man named Martin Frobisher had given thanks for surviving his journey from England. He also gave thanks for a place that is now called Newfoundland. The celebration at Thanksgiving was also brought to Nova Scotia when Americans began to settle there. At the same time French settlers were arriving and were also having feasts of thanks. In 1879, Canadian parliament declared November 6th a day of Thanksgiving and a national holiday. The date of Thanksgiving has changed several times until January 31st, 1957, when parliament proclaimed that the second Monday in October be a day of general Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed. A big part of Thanksgiving is a Thanksgiving feast. The feast usually consists of potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, peas, gravy, stuffing, salads, buns and lots of other great food. The main part of the feast is usually the turkey. Other families might have ham, roast beef, duck or chicken. The dessert that is most likely to follow the feast is pumpkin pie. Other people may choose different desserts and food depending on their customs and beliefs for which they choose to give thanks. Lets not forget the biggest and most important reason for this holiday giving THANKS! People usually give thanks for everything they have. Their jobs, health, families or just being alive are just a few of the things that people give thanks for. Thanksgiving is a time when people can create their own customs and traditions because everyone is thankful for different things. The cornucopia has become a traditional symbol of this holiday because it is commonly shown filled with grain, vegetables and fruit, t he staple food that settlers would give thanks for. During Thanksgiving, my family spends time together and we have fun. We go to places and give thanks to God for having each other in our lives. We give thanks for our health, our home, our food and especially each other. My favorite part of Thanksgiving is the pumpkin pie after a big turkey dinner with all the fixings. Thanksgiving is the perfect time for me to appreciate all that I have. My family farms so we always give thanks for a good harvest. Where we come from the community celebrates Thanksgiving all together with a tradition call Fowl Supper. The entire community enjoys food prepared by the local families in the basement of the local church. To those people who created this wonderful holiday..Thank-you for Thanksgiving.
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
Research Proposal on Knowledge Management Essay Example
Research Proposal on Knowledge Management Essay Knowledge Management Paper Knowledge management can be called one of the branches of management, which can help businessman create great effective strategies aimed at the development of a firm, company or corporation. When a manager knows much about the market, the most popular and required goods, he is able to plan the production of the goods people really need, which they will surely purchase. As a result, people are satisfied and business is flourishing. Knowledge management is closely connected with business and human resource management and build the basis of the business strategy. When these three components are well-developed and properly-controlled, the business will be surely profitable. Great companies devote much resources for the development of knowledge management, because this sphere helps to study the innovations in the market, popular products, and helps to react quickly towards these changes and improve production and the whole organization. The topic of knowledge management is quite interesting and useful for every person who plans to found business in future and manage it well. So, a good paper has to contain quality description of the importance of the problem, its historical background and explain what knowledge management is. Being a proposal, it should be informative, logical and convincing. Professor will value the quality of the paper and the topic on the basis of its importance, logical presentation of data and proper structure and formatting of the paper. Moreover, one has to prove that the problem is worth researching and has to do it skillfully. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Knowledge Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Knowledge Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Knowledge Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Students who need to write a good research proposal on knowledge management and corporate culture need to do much work in order to understand the topic and analyze its aspects from all sides. Inexperienced students often have troubles with proper formatting and composition of the paper; furthermore, they often fail to make the proposal convincing, possessing lack of knowledge and skills. It is obvious that students do not wish to fail their proposals and they try to find all possible writing help with their assignment. The best help with paper writing is the Internet with its free examples of research proposals on knowledge management system, which will be useful for every young professional. On the other hand such help should be limited, because many examples of the proposals are prepared by poorly-trained and amateur writers, so try to be careful and chose the sample attentively. In order to complete a well-structured informative paper one has to collect reliable data to possess at least basic knowledge of the problem. Moreover, if you read books, articles on the topic from various trustworthy periodicals, you will find reliable evidence which will support your point of view successfully. Having gathered information and read free samples of research proposals on knowledge management, you will be able to compose a well-analyzed informative and logical paper of your own.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
The Sample Essay For College APA Certification
The Sample Essay For College APA CertificationA sample essay outline for APA certification can be quite helpful for students who are aspiring to take the APA test. You may also have seen samples of the APA testing service online and you may also find them displayed in classroom rooms. Most of the public schools usually have these forms in their classrooms as a tool to help students prepare for the APA test.When taking this kind of exam, you will have to spend some time answering a lot of questions. This is the reason why preparing your skills beforehand can save you a lot of time and effort during the exam. It will help you find the right answers when you are faced with many different kind of questions on the test.Writing a sample essay for APA exam can give you a detailed outline of what questions you need to answer in order to pass the exam. In addition, it can help you understand the purpose of the exam and what sort of questions you need to know if you want to get the certificati on. It will also give you the right time frame so that you can set a time schedule.Some people may think that writing a sample for APA certification is a very big task. In fact, you can usually find a sample essay outline for college APA certification on the internet. You can simply browse through the samples of the questions that you need to answer in order to earn your certification.The first thing that you need to do is to write the essay for college APA certification. You will then use the sample outline as a guide and try to answer all the questions in it. Even though you may feel overwhelmed during this process, it will help you gather all the information you need in order to write a successful test.After you have written the entire essay, you will need to take the test itself and study all the different sections of the test. It is important that you learn how to answer all the questions, so that you will have a higher chance of passing the exam. Taking a practice test may als o help you prepare for the real exam.If you do not want to take a practice test to prepare yourself for the exam, there are also online tests that you can take. There are no worries because you can get practice from all the different colleges that offer college APA certification. Most of these colleges have their own websites, so you can easily search for a good college that offers APA testing service.Before writing the sample essay for college APA certification, you should make sure that the information that you want to include in the essay is a fact. Otherwise, you may not be able to solve the questions. Once you start writing, you should make sure that you use a reliable research in order to make your essay work well.
Monday, March 16, 2020
Tyler LeBlanc LeBlanc 1. Essays (1120 words) - Free Essays
Tyler LeBlanc LeBlanc 1. Essays (1120 words) - Free Essays Tyler LeBlanc LeBlanc 1. Prof. Horowitz Enl 110 10/2/2017 Practice #2 Narrative Who Am I ? Story Losing It All I look around the crowded hallways, posters and decorated banners cover the never ending line of lockers. Mature teens stand near the metal walling repping institutions that they would attend shortly after our graduation. I stand out amongst the crowd wearing my same bland clothing, as up to that point no college representative made any effort in reaching out to me let alone throwing their schools apparel at me. I keep my mind optimistic, as I uploaded my football film up to the internet last night so I expect someone to reach out to me soon. Opportunity has finally knocked on my door, as I received a email from two schools last week pertaining their hopes of me attending their institutions on academic and athletic purpose. I scheduled an appointment to meet with the coach from Bryant University within the next couple of minutes and kept in contact with Iowa Western via email. I walk down the hallway after getting the announcement over the loud en t ercomm to go down to the front office to meet with my visitor and my senior advisor. As my clammy hand swings the aged door, a plump giant stranger lunges at me for embrace. The large man introduces himself as Bryant university's offensive coordinator. The over excellous man and I take a seat. Before the older gentleman discussed anything he mentioned I must cut fifty pounds to gain a roster spot. Me being a large LeBlanc 2. E goe d teenage r I informed the coach that I realistically did not see that happening. As soon as the words uttered from my mouth the man without response spontaneously changed his demeanor and swiftly and abruptly walked out of the advisor's office. I sit in the wooden chair in disbelief, trying to comprehend the event that just took place. My approval to Iowa western grasped tight in my hand, I kick the tightly packed suit cases into the barre brick room. From what I seen on the car rid e from the airport to campus through the dull scratched windows of the musty taxi Iowa turns out to be exactly what I knew it would be, nothing but corn . As I roll on to campus grounds, Hours roll by and still no one arrives. Typically one would be content with absensce of their roommate, however lay on the cold plastic fabric bed shuddering from the cold air shooting from the air conditioner placed right above my head. I grow more and more upset at myself, as if I swallowed my pride I could be in a D1 program in a warm catered dorm room. I swore to myself from this moment on I will make best of every moment of my life so I would never hit bottom like this once more. My mind schemed on exactly what must improve and how will I implement those ideals into my everyday life. I will not let my short comings define m e. I kept optimism and "saw my new circumstances as an opportunity to change, to move in a new direction. My breaths grew shorter as my legs churned faster and harder down the heavily cracked cement. Repetitive acrid comments jutt at my mind like tiny daggers cutting shallow yet swift. Sweat, yes sweat is more over the most uncomfortable factor of all this unnecessary bullshit, as my drenched grey T- Shirt alludes onlookers in believing I might have been running LeBlanc 3. home distraught as I just came in second place in a wet T - shirt competition. My routine image of my final destination is slowly blurring into my congested mind as I continuously fight the urge of halting. Once again I ruffle into three layers of scratchy long sleeve thermal shirts, and jump into my oversized Black- Grey champion sweat pants. I now turn my attention to my abbist of a shoe container. My stubby fingers buckle under t he plastic lid as I lift to jar free the refreshing smell of a large arrangement of over worked sneakers. I pull out the
Saturday, February 29, 2020
Accounting Theory Of Mavis Ltd
Allocated fixed overhead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 8.00 Total unit of subassembly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30.00 8.Why is the distinction between relevant and non-relevant costs so important for Decision making in Cost and Management Accounting?       9.Equipment to be used in producing the order has a book value of $2,000. The equipment has no other use for Lansing Company. If the order is not accepted, the equipment will be sold for $1,500. If the equipment is used in producing the order, it can be sold in three months for $800. 10.If the special order is accepted, the operations will require some of the storage space in the company’s plant. If the space is used for this purpose, the company will rent storage space temporarily in a nearby warehouse at a cost of $18,000. The building depreciation allocated to the storage space to be used in producing the special order is $12,000. (1.5 marks) 11.If the special order is accepted, it will require a Subassembly. Lansing Camera can purchase the subassembly for $24.00 per unit from an outside supplier or make it for $30.00 per unit. The 330.00 per unit was determined as follows: Allocated fixed overhead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 8.00 Total unit of subassembly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30.00 12.Why is the distinction between relevant and non-relevant costs so important for decision making in Cost and Management Accounting? 13.Equipment to be used in producing the order has a book value of $2,000. The equipment has no other use for Lansing Company. If the order is not accepted, the equipment will be sold for $1,500. If the equipment is used in producing the order, it can be sold in three months for $800. 14.If the special order is accepted, the operations will require some of the Storage Space in the Company’s plant. If the space is used for this purpose, the Company will rent storage space temporarily in a nearby warehouse at a cost of $18,000. The building depreciation allocated to the storage space to be used in producing the special order is $12,000. 15.If the special order is accepted, it will require a subassembly. Lansing Camera can purchase the subassembly for $24.00 per unit from an outside supplier or make it for $30.00 per unit. The 330.00 per unit was determined as follows: Allocated fixed overhead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 8.00 Total unit of subassembly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30.00                                           16.Why is the distinction between relevant and non-relevant Costs so important for decision making in cost and Management Accounting? 1.Computation of budgeted factory overhead rate for Department Alpha. Budgeted Factory Overhead Rate ($225,000/$180,000)  2.Computation of budgeted factory overhead rate for Department Bet Budgeted Factory Overhead Rate ($180,000/40,000) The total overhead cost of Job 100 is Rs. 78,250/- WN-1: Calculation of factory overhead: 4.It is possible to have different overhead allocation rates. The possible reasons for using different allocation rate by Mavis Ltd. could be to split overhead costs in most appropriate and justifiable manner by using different cost pools. As this approach results in more fine-tuned allocations and costing. As in the above case, department alpha is using direct labour cost for allocation of factory overhead because it could be a labour intensive department and most of the tasks are done by labour. So, using labour cost as allocation rate is more appropriate. Whereas, the department beta could be machine intensive department, an The relevance of each of the following items in computation of the costs of the special order is as follows: 5.The book value of equipment to be used in producing the order of $2,000 is a sunk cost and therefore it is irrelevant for the decision. The relevant cost of the equipment is $ 700, i.e. $1,500 (sale value of equipment now, if the order is not accepted) Less $800 (sale value of equipment after 3 months, after producing the equipment). 6.The $12,000 building depreciation allocated to the storage space to be used in producing the special order is irrelevant that means the company will going to incur it irrespective of the fact whether the special order is accepted or not. So, it is a sunk cost. Further, the relevant cost is $18,000 which the company is going to incur only for the special order, if accepted. 7.The purchasing cost of subassembly is $24 per unit whereas if the company made it in house it will cost $22 calculated as below: Allocated fixed overhead of $8 is irrelevant for the special order as the company will incur this overhead irrespective of the fact whether the special order is accepted or not. So, from above it is clear that, the company should make the subassembly instead of purchasing it from outside. 8.The distinction between relevant and non-relevant costs is determined to ascertain the profitability of different alternatives available with the management. There are some costs which remain the same irrespective of the alternative chosen, these costs are irrelevant costs and hence are ignored while decision making, while the costs which changes or have impact on alternative chosen are treated as relevant costs. For ex, for the decision of making a particular product in house or purchasing it from outside, there may be come costs which the company has to incur in both the alternatives, is treated as irrelevant costs. 9.Calculation of Unit Contribution Margin Unit Contribution Margin            =            Sales – Variable Cost                                                                =            $5,595 – $899-$233                                                                =            $4,463 10.Calculation of breakeven point in units Breakeven Point                              =            Fixed Cost / Unit contribution Margin                                                                =            $2,352,000/$4,463                                                                =            527 units Calculation of breakeven point in dollars Breakeven Point                              =            Fixed Cost / Unit Contribution Margin * Sales Price                                                                =            $2,352,000/$4,463 * $5,595 11.Desired level of sales if the company plans to increase fixed costs by 5 percent and achieve a desired before-tax profit of $200,000 is 598 units amounting to $3,345,810 calculated as follows: Current Fixed costs                                                        =            $2,352,000 Proposed Fixed Costs (2,352,000*105%)                               =            $2,469,600 Desired Profit                                                                   =            $ 200,000 Total Contribution Margin                                           =            $2,669,600 Units to be sold (2,669,600/4,463)                           =            598 Sales value (598*5,595)                                                =            $3,345,810 12.If the company’s income tax rate is 22 per cent, then 570 units (Sales value 3,189,649) are required to be sold to achieve an after-tax profit of $150,000. Managers uses break even analysis to determine the point of sales or the number of units required to be sold to recover all the costs incurred, meaning thereby to determine the level of sales where the company is having no profit or no loss. Thus, it also helps management in decision making. 13.Calculation of Contribution margin per unit of service Charges per night           =            $50 Variable expense            =            $20 Contribution                     =            $30 14.Calculation of Contribution-margin ratio Contribution Margin Ratio          =            contribution margin / sales                                                                =            $30/$50                                                                =            60% 15.Calculation of annual break-even point in units of service and in dollars of service revenue Annual break-even point in units ($42,000/$30) Annual break-even point in dollars of service revenue ($42,000/60%)
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